In any programming language the variables are stored in some memory locations with some addresses.Some programming languages like c,provides a way for accessing these memory locations .This facility is provided with a well known concept called pointers.So,lets look at pointers
What is a pointer?
Most of the programmers feel pointers as difficult but its little bit tricky.Inshort,pointers are the variables that can store address of another variables. lets define a pointer
int *p;
The above declaration confirms that p is an integer pointer.* is used to indicate a variable as a pointer variable.
Example
int main()
{
int *p,a=10;
p=&a;
printf("The address of a is %d\n",p);
printf("The value of a is %d%",*p);
}
Output
The address of a is 339631052 The value of a is 10
From the above code,it is clear that the address of variable a is stored in p.address operator(&) is used to get the address of a variable.* is a dereferenceing operator used to retrieve the value stored in the address location.
Arithmetic operations on pointers:
The following are the invalid arithmetic operations on pointers.
- Addition
- Multiplication
- Division
- Modulo
The above operations are invalid because pointers contain addresses so performing the above operations on pointers results meaningless results. However,Subtraction is legal among pointers as it results to the offset between the addresses.
Interesting concepts of pointers
Pointer array vs array of pointers
pointer array
Pointer array is a pointer pointing to an array.
int main()
{
int *p,arr[5],i;
p=&arr; // p is pointing to array arr
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("%d",*(p+i));
}
return 0;
}
Output
12345
Array of pointers
Array of pointers is an array containing addresses as array elements.
int main()
{
int *arr[5],i;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
arr[i]=&i;
}
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("%d\n",*arr[i]);
}
}
Output
0 1 2 3 4
function pointer vs pointer to function
pointer to function
Function pointer is a pointer typically points to the block of executable code.
Example
void code(int i)
{
printf("value of i is %d",i);
}
int main()
{
void (*fun_ptr)(int)=&code;
(*fun_ptr)(5);
return 0;
}
Output
value of i is 5
Here we need an extra bracket around function pointer like fun_ptr,otherwise it becomes void *fun_ptr*(int) which is a function returning pointer.
function pointer
function pointer is function that returns pointer.
int *fun();
int main()
{
int *ptr;
ptr=fun();
printf("%d",*ptr);
}
int *fun()
{
int *pointer=malloc(sizeof(*pointer));
*pointer=10;
return pointer;
}
Output
10
